The first two systems of a television were the mechanical television and the electronic television. The mechanical system was developed out of Nipkow’s disk that was pioneered by John Logie Baird, he gave a first world public demonstration of his television in London, 1926. There are rotating disks to scan moving images into pulses that are transmitted to the screen, this television was a low resolution with lights and dark. There were only about 240 lines of resolutions which means it was always fuzzy, there was a limited number of new pictures that could seen per second. A year later, the British Broadcasting Corporation accepted this system, by 1932 there was 10,000 sets that were sold.  The electronic television could scan a picture in horizontal lines which was producing the image close to immediately. This television started to replace the mechanical television because there was a better picture quality, no noise, and fewer limitations. By the 1939, the mechanicals television was replaced with the electronic television.

By the 1950’s, the technology was evolving into producing color televisions by John Logie Baird. He used his black and white television system but started to use three spirals of each primary color. This year was the golden age of televisions, before the golden age less than 10,000 tv sets were in the united states. Once the golden age hit it went up around 6 million and by 1960 more than 60 tv sets had been sold. In 1984, the Cable Act came to life, it was for industries to expand, nearly 53 million households were subscribed to a cable television. In the 2000’s the analog system took over the color televisions, nearly half of the Americans had high-definition television which provided perfect clear screens.

In the 1950’s television would not broadcast current events or political issues, but March of 1952 Edward R. Murrow broadcasted a show called See It Now which showed the potential communist infiltration in the U.S. institutions. After that, entertainment programs also tackled these controversial issues. In the 1960’s news started to enlighten people on realities of real-world events in vivid detail. For example, On November 22,1963 people learned about the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Not so long after that the nations first televised war took place, they showed horrific images such as children being burned, being tortured of the Vietnam war. This started the antiwar for Americans.

In 1969, Public broadcasting service was established to report by the Carnegie commission on educational television. The report concluded that the government finance public television to provide diversity of programming during the network era (years of 1950 to 1970).  During this time, there was the big three which is three major networks that we named ABC,CBS,and NBC that controlled the television industry, the big three accounted for more than 95% of prime time. Until Rupert Murdoch came along, in the 1986, Murdoch lunched the Fox network to challenge the big three. Fox became an addition to the big three, during the 1994, 43% United states households watched the big four, but by the time 2009 hit it went down to 27%.

The film called “Tuning in to Media: Literacy for the information Age Part Two” talks about the power of representations to shape our expectations of beliefs and attitudes media that provides us with information about the world.  The shows that they show are sophisticated enough to take the point of view of the black person who says “look all the businesses around elsewhere and I got what I could get while I got”  and that’s not a  decent logic for what he did.  The focus is between the blacks and Koreans than looking at the class issue of the rich versus the poor.  For me, media will portray any angle they can no matter what the cause even though it is affecting our people.

In the middle of the 19^th century, the telegraph was the popular way of communicating. The telegraph is connected by cables, the united states and England was using this technology. The telegraph helped to develop the telephone which could transmit single voices over the same cable. Hienrich Hertz started to experiment early forms of wireless communication, but Guglielmo Marconi successfully sent broadcasted. Marconi lived in Italy in his young years, he went to the Italian government to get support of his success. Sadly, he was denied so he moved to England and made his device better. He used other people ideas and experiments to make this into a communication tool even better.  Marconi thought his device would allow the telegraph to function without being connected by cables.

In the early 1800’s the common people would rely on telephones to transmits news, music, church sermons, and weather reports. In Hungary, the people were able to listen to the news and fictional stories on their telephones. In 1909, the telephones could transmit entertainment performances from Pairs to London. This technology appeared in the United States as a pay per play phonograph service in Delaware, people could listen to specific music on their phones. By the 1906, Regianalod Fessenden started the first radio od the human voice but ended up failing.  Ten years later Lee de Forest was successful, he used the radio was a more modern idea. Forest would give nightly broadcastings of music and news until World War I. The government could calculate the required licenses and limited broadcasting ranges for the radio. This gave the president the power to shut down all stations. In 1917, the United States began in World War I, the radio was used in the military. The land stations and ships could communicate with each other. After the World War I radio stations started to appear, they would broadcast religious sermons, sports, and the news. By the 1922, WGY station was broadcasting 40 dramas then they started to create their own performance in live.

When I think of advertising, I think of nagging ads. Back in the day advertising was considered “genteel sales message broadcast during business hours” they would not talk about price. Which is CRAZY! My whole life the advertising was heavy. Your phones are listening to you so if you talk about getting fridge a big chance it would be an ad in Facebook, watching tv the commercials there’s ads “if you get this product you will get one for half off or for free with free shipping”. I never see an advertising without talking/ showing the price.  In the 1930’s advertising agencies started their own radio programs; they would run ads during the day as an economic pressure during the Great Depression.

 The radio stations started to play a lot of music formats for different age range such as country, News/talk/information, adult contemporary, pop contemporary hit, classic rock, urban contemporary, and Mexican regional. The country was the most popular format of music for both males and females. News/talk/information was focused on network new, sports, and personal talks, around 59 million listeners in 2010 the age range is about 65 and older. Adult contemporary focused on pop music such as hot AC and modern AC the individuals that listen to this format is over 30 years old. Pop contemporary hit is a wide span of music such as country, rock, and urban the listeners are around teenager to under 35-year-old. Classic rock would play a range of rock singles to 1970’s from 1980’s, the listeners are mostly men around ages 35 to 54. Urban contemporary is modern hits from mostly black artists and people would listen to this between ages 18 to 34. Mexican Regional focus on Spanish language music 96% of Hispanics would listen to this format. Something that is very interesting is that the Western and Southwestern regions of the country this music was popular, but the Eastern regions were less popular.

In 1877, Thomas Edison realized that sound could be created by using tinfoil stings that were wrapped around a rotating metal cylinder this was called phonograph gave an insight for Emile Berliner’s gramophone. The Gramophone is a flat disc that record sound, these were more affordable and simpler to produce than the phonograph. The gramophone was a huge impact of the popular music industry, the middle class was able to afford this technology. Jazz appeared and became popular in the 1930’s, jazz goes all the way back to slavery times.  Slaves would do their cake walks to mimic the slave owners.

When I think of music I think of digital music. Everything before digital music it is a thing in the past even CD’s. News cars do not even have a CD player in them, our society pushes us have smartphones and having music on our phones. Either paying for albums or having them downloaded, subscribing to a music app, or YouTube. Businesses are greatly affected; most people do not bother having older technology of music, so businesses are not getting enough sells to be able to afford rent or bills. The video called downloaded supports my claim when technology evolved no one would not predict how much it changed society to the point where the older versions of music pretty much go extinct.

Are you wondering how the newspaper developed? The very first newspaper was in the early 1800’s, it was 6 cents and back then the working class and the artisans couldn’t afford this price. It was only for the elite. The first print that the common person could afford was sold for a penny.  This is in September of 1833 and the title of it was called The Sun.  It is hard to believe you could get something for just a penny!  The Sun was primarily about people’s interest and police reports. The very first newspaper would only print 125 papers an hour and the penny press would 18,000 papers an hour.  Another successful penny paper was James Gordon Bennett’s New York Morning Herald. Bennett had a more aggressive ways to get news, he sent reports to actual crime scenes.  

By the late 1800’s Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst were major competitors in the paper industry. Joseph Pulitzer started a new “style” that used sensationalism which is stories-based crime, violence, emotion, and sex.  In 1896, William Randolph Hearst established New York World. Hearst published Yellow Kid; it was to attract the immigrants even though they mostly likely did not purchase a paper that was based on the English language. Most of the published works were comic based. In other words, called as yellow journalism

At the end of the 19^th century, New York Times started to battle with Pulitzer and Hearst. They raised prices to pay for bills which led to a decrease in readership and New York Times went bankrupt. In the 1930’s was the development of broadcasting. Radios were common in most of U.S. households, the problem for newspapers was people had to pay for news and radios are giving free news.

The journalism struggled between consensus and conflict journalism. Consensus Journalism is usually in small communities, it provides calendars, meetings, articles and local schools, events, government, property, and crimes. Conflict Journalists provide news as social conflict, and issues that violate social norms. Watchdog journalism developed the public with information about business owners and government.

In the 1970’s there was a decrease in the newspaper industry and started to get more competition.  There was an act that congress established called the Newspaper Preservation Act which is to give formation of a joint operating agreements.  In other words, two newspapers could share expenses of advertising, and distribution of the company.  With the being said, this act started to fail when the industry started to decline rapidly. The two newspapers companies could not function successfully in one community.

The newspapers made it through the invention of the radio, and the television. The newspaper industry had to evolve somehow which was online newspapers.  In 2010, there were over 10,000 newspapers there transferred to online for the public. Modern journalism referenced to the inverted pyramid style. The top of the pyramid is about the most important information that leads to the story, then the subsequent paragraphs that give additional facts, and lastly, the least important information that closes the story.  This style helps author to write more effectively.

For me, I never had a chance to read a newspaper. I live in the country, so no one delivered them to our house.  When I think of newspapers, I think it is for older people to read. In today’s world, we have our car radios. The news on the TV, we can stream on our phones, we have googled if people want a certain question. There is so much technology surrounding us there is not a point of newspapers for the younger generations.

The first form of book was the Papyrus scroll by the ancient Egyptians around 3000 BCE. They made these scrolls with anything they could get their hands on, they usually used metal, leather, clay, stone, and bones.  During the 6^th century BCE, papyrus was the most common to write on throughout the Mediterranean.  In the 2^nd and 4^th centuries the Romans would use parchment or papyrus and would bind them together which is called the codex. To get a visual picture, its like books today, it was quicker than the papyrus scroll.

Gutenberg’s industry caused a revolutionary invention which was the mechanical movable type in 1448.  There is a bible in 1455 that he renown, he printed 180 copies. Most of them were on paper but only 45 of them were on vellum, this bible is also called Gutenberg Bible.  After Gutenberg printed out his bible, Pope Innocent VIII demand that all books be viewed by the church authorities before they could be printed. The Pope want allowed to ban books before being printed which he did. He banned the bible being printed in any other language other than Latin. At this point Martin Luther started to challenge the church authority. He believed that everyone has a right to read in their own language and not having to learn a different language or not being able to read at all.  In the 20^th century America created a law for copyright to protect authors from censorship and they were able to make a profit from their work. The very first copyright was England’s Statute of Queen Anne in 1710.

In the 1800’s there was a very famous book called Uncle Tom’s Cabin. The novel sold 300,000 copies in the first year, this book became the second- best-selling book after Gutenberg bible. This book was created to give the North and South tension which helped start the Civil War. In the 20 centuries, paper back books with different genres like science fiction, mystery, romance, and children’s literature became popular.  

E-books is the electronic way of reading a book, which is the less traditional way of reading a book. These e-books are not usually as expensive to a cover or a paperback. There is no production cost, no transportation, no baggage to deal with. Instead, by a click of a button readers can have hundreds of books downloaded in a couple of minutes. The only problem is, people will need a laptop, phone, tablet to read it on. Most people in todays world has come kind of technology but some people are not willing to spend a couple hundred dollars just to read. An author named Dan Brown released a novel called The Da Vinci Code, there was over 100,000 illegally downloads of this book.  Some authors are worried that the common person will try to find a way around from spending on a book. E-books are accounting less than 5% in the book market but its slowing growing, in 2010, Amazon accounted for 15-20% for e-books in the United states which is about 400,00 titles that are available on kindle. Amazon started the e-book prices at $9.99, in the long run Amazon would be losing money for every book.

The problem with independent book retails is that they cannot win with the larger chains.  Barnes & Nobles is one of the top 2 retailers in the United States. Ever since 1972 the independent bookstores have fallen, in 2005, the number as declined by 65%.

Having an actual book either it is a hardcover or paperback its more personal for people. You have the feel of the book, the unique texture of each page, the smell of an old or new book. By using our senses, it gives us a whole other story on where it came from.  There are people that worry about our future generations, never learning by an actual textbook, or even knowing what a book is.  According to the “Out Of Print” video, “E-books account for 31% of publishing Revenue for adult fiction”. Later, it also says,” we are making 1 million new books a year globally”. The problem is the individual publishers could be doing miserably. A company called Open Road (Integrated Media) is a digital company only. they have around 250 authors and around 3,000 titles. Having E-books is like having no baggage, no transportation, and no emptying boxes. they are simply on technology either it is a laptop, tablet, or your phone. just a click of a button you have countless book on a screen

Hello, my name is Kaylee Kemp ( she/her). I’m from Wellsville, Ny so like 20 minutes away from Alfred. My major is ceramics. I’m a sophomore and my main goal is to start eating healthier but I do love my snacks. I have two cats an a dog that I miss very much.

My art instagram is Kaylee_alfreduniversity. There isn’t much on there but I’m trying to get in the habit of posting more!

I’ve been doing ceramics for about 4 years now, I feel in love with clay because it was a way for me to express myself freely. In high school, I was called the clay nerd because i devoted my life to ceramics. Which was the best decision I ever made.